فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1387)

The culture of power gap as one of cultural aspects has been considered in most of previous researches as an important factor for predicting organizational behavior. The purpose of this research is to recognize behavioral and cognitive pathologies resulted from a culture of high power gap in organization. To this end and to answer the question of the research, descriptive and research-based method has been used. Questionnaires were used to collect required data for testing hypothesis among statistical society which is official employees of Petroleum ministry in Tehran. To analyze collected data, correlation test and SPSS software were used. The result of the research indicates that there is relationship between the culture and social deterioration of personnel imposed by supervisors as one of dark aspects of organizational- social life. So, it is suggested that power gap decrease mechanisms to be used in organizations with respect to undesirable effects of power gap culture.

There has been paid a lot of attention to relationship between local and national powers. There has been paid a lot of attention. Since French revolution this relationship resulted from two approaches of Decocentralization and Decentralization following the power taking by socialist party. Decocentralization grew fast and based on act 1982 and other laws enacted afterwards, power was distributed among various layers. Power division among central government and its representatives (Decocentralization) and assignment of governmental powers to people elected institutions such as city councils and higher councils specially municipalities (Decentralization) partly decreased the depth of centralized system in France. Through such power assignment, huge part of cultural affairs was put in hands of local bodies. Involvement of local powers in cultural affairs left considerable effects on social correlation and urban development. Among local powers most of discretion for cultural affairs had been put in hands of municipalities elected by people. Gradually, culture and special position in cities, and city officials - understanding the role of culture in social correlation - move to culturalize cities. Culture and daily life of people have woven into each other in such a way that we can use culture- city for French cities rather state- city term used for cities of ancient Greece.

This article is the report of a study made by the author to answer questions on the current presence of the Iranian cinema in international fields, namely wheter is it's current situation desirable or not and are there any requirements to be met by cinema related organs, managers, policy makers and cinema professionals? For this purpose, view points of some cinema professionals in various fields have been studied. The findings are presented in two analytical and statistical sections.

This research leans on the sociological approach in studying and examining the phenomenon of mass media as the symbol of global willage, by studying & reviewing "Youth Attitude (students) index regard to selection in satellite television programmes" (between sample size: 1400 persons in separation 750 persons of Zanjan, governmental university students and 650 persons of Zanjan Islamic Azad university students); based on survey method research, it measures the appendix basic variables (in the figure of an questionnaire or written interview): First Variable of Attitude (as dependent variable) [according to Theory "I. Ajzen & M. Fishbein, 1980"; its effect: Understanding the attitudes & predicting the social behavior/ and according to theory" I. Ajzen, 1988"; its effect: attitudes, personality & behavior], which is function of two elements: (1) Expectation of Outcome: it means that; (of subjective distance) in the near or far future, how much an individual has expected from a phenomenon or behavior (it means satellite televisions programmes) in gratification of group or personal needs? (2) Evaluation of Outcome: it means that; is (of objective distance) in present regard to past time, if that a phenomenon or behavior (it means satellite television programmes) for that individual, has outcome at gratification of group or personal needs? Second Subjective Norm or Variable of Selection (as independent variables) [According to Theory "W. Schramm, 1973"; Its effect: Men, Message & Media], which is function of two Elements: (1) Significant Others: it means; Is the expectation of a special behavior (for example selection at satellite television programmes) in the framework of functional factors (it m means: selection standards/ selection styles/ selection processos), how evaluation (in group or total) is being done from the view of other significant individuals? (2) Motivation of Following: it means; Is the motivation of an individual for following a special behavior (for example selection at satellite television programmes) in the framework of the structural factors (it means: selection data/ selection mechanisms/ selection patterns/ selection feedbackos), against the expectations of others (in group or total) positive or negative?

Cultural policy making, need to make or not to make it, its limits and arena interfering organizations, their relation type and interactions, cultural policy making theories (adaptation with local environment), models, methods and so on are some of the cultural problems and questions with which the cultural management of the country is seriously facing. Concerning that Iran’s 20-Year Vision has shaped a clear horizon for Iran’s position in 2025, it is necessary to place proper goal setting in scientific, technological, economic, political and cultural aspects and to develop fundamental strategies for achieving the goals. Among the public ones, cultural policies are the most important. Thus, UNESCO defines culture and cultural policy making as the core of sustainable development of countries not a peripheral aspect.In our country, because of variety in cultural decisionmaking authorities and policy making organizations and due to the lack of a comprehensive and distinctive pattern for policy making in culture field, there is seen lots of vagueness in the cultural responsibilities; and there is not enough consistency in cultural plans and programs. So, before any other action, pathology of cultural policies and policy makings of the country for the period after the Islamic revolution is a must.While describing the conceptual aspects of policy making, the article studies the present situation of cultural policies of the country and its pathology, and considers the solutions.

In Islamic point of view whether philosophical approach or mythical, travel and tourism is of specific importance. This attitude makes Muslims consider travel as one of important concepts in culture, entering into common literature. Along with these reflections in trend of civilization development, including Islamic civilization, we face unique status of tourism in this civilization. On the other hand the reason for paying a lot of attention to the travel by Muslims stems from their attention to Quran and sayings of Imams (peace be upon them). Based on this fact the purpose of this essay is to provide a terminology for travel used in Quran and to classify the verses related to aims and benefits of the travel in the world as Quran says: move on the earth.